AFNI program: AlphaSim
Output of -help
++ AlphaSim: AFNI version=AFNI_2011_12_21_1014 (May 10 2013) [64-bit]
++ Authored by: B. Douglas Ward
This program performs alpha probability simulations; among other
things, it computes the probability of a random field of noise
producing a cluster of a given size after the noise is thresholded
at a given level ('-pthr').
*** You may also be interested in program 3dClustSim, which does a ***
*** similar simulation of the probability of noise-only clusters, ***
*** but also allows multiple '-pthr' values to be used in one run. ***
*** For most users' purposes, 3dClustSim supersedes AlphaSim now! ***
Usage:
AlphaSim
-nx n1 n1 = number of voxels along x-axis
-ny n2 n2 = number of voxels along y-axis
-nz n3 n3 = number of voxels along z-axis
-dx d1 d1 = voxel size (mm) along x-axis
-dy d2 d2 = voxel size (mm) along y-axis
-dz d3 d3 = voxel size (mm) along z-axis
-nxyz n1 n2 n3 = give all 3 grid dimensions at once
-dxyz d1 d2 d3 = give all 3 voxel sizes at once
[-mask mset] Use the 0 sub-brick of dataset 'mset' as a mask
to indicate which voxels to analyze (a sub-brick
selector is allowed) [default = use all voxels]
Note: The -mask command also REPLACES the
-nx, -ny, -nz, -dx, -dy, and -dz commands,
and takes the volume dimensions from 'mset'.
[-fwhm s] s = Gaussian filter width (FWHM, in mm)
[-fwhmx sx] sx = Gaussian filter width, x-axis (FWHM)
[-fwhmy sy] sy = Gaussian filter width, y-axis (FWHM)
[-fwhmz sz] sz = Gaussian filter width, z-axis (FWHM)
[-sigma s] s = Gaussian filter width (1 sigma, in mm)
[-sigmax sx] sx = Gaussian filter width, x-axis (1 sigma)
[-sigmay sy] sy = Gaussian filter width, y-axis (1 sigma)
[-sigmaz sz] sz = Gaussian filter width, z-axis (1 sigma)
[-power] perform statistical power calculations
[-ax n1] n1 = extent of active region (in voxels) along x-axis
[-ay n2] n2 = extent of active region (in voxels) along y-axis
[-az n3] n3 = extent of active region (in voxels) along z-axis
[-zsep z] z = z-score separation between signal and noise
[-rmm r] r = cluster connection radius (mm)
Default is nearest neighbor connection only.
-pthr p p = individual voxel threshold probability
-iter n n = number of Monte Carlo simulations
[-quiet] suppress lengthy per-iteration screen output
[-out file] file = name of output file [default value = screen]
[-max_clust_size size] size = maximum allowed voxels in a cluster
[-seed S] S = random number seed
default seed = 123456789
if seed=0, then program will randomize it
[-fast] Use a faster random number generator:
Can speed program up by about a factor of 2,
but detailed results will differ slightly since
a different sequence of random values will be used.
[-approx] Compute an analytic approximation to the Alpha(i)
result for cluster size i, and print a column of that
value in the output (only if '-power' is NOT used)
** This analytic approximation is a way to extrapolate
the alpha value for cluster sizes beyond the
reaches of the simulation. The formula for it is
printed above the output table; see the example below.
** The analytic approximation is only computed if the
table of cluster size vs. alpha is 'large enough'.
** The approximation formula is of 'extreme value' type,
possibly with an adjustment for smaller i and larger Alpha.
Unix environment variables you can use:
---------------------------------------
Set AFNI_BLUR_FFT to YES to require blurring be done with FFTs
(the oldest way, and slowest).
Set AFNI_BLUR_FFT to NO and AFNI_BLUR_FIROLD to YES to require
blurring to be done with the old (crude) FIR code (not advised).
If neither of these are set, then blurring is done using the newer
(more accurate) FIR code (recommended).
Results will differ in detail depending on the blurring method
used to generate the simulated noise fields.
SAMPLE OUTPUT:
--------------
AlphaSim -nxyz 64 64 20 -dxyz 3 3 3 -iter 10000 -pthr 0.004 -fwhm 5 \
-quiet -fast -approx
# Alpha(i) approx 1-exp[-exp(8.720-2.2166*i^0.58-0.05743*posval(12-i)^1.0)]
# Cl Size Frequency CumuProp p/Voxel Max Freq Alpha Approx
1 1024002 0.584689 0.00414373 0 1.000000 1.000000
2 358143 0.789183 0.00289373 0 1.000000 1.000000
3 156346 0.878455 0.00201936 0 1.000000 1.000000
4 87554 0.928447 0.00144680 0 1.000000 1.000000
5 48445 0.956108 0.00101929 6 1.000000 1.000000
6 29126 0.972738 0.00072361 81 0.999400 0.999736
7 17743 0.982869 0.00051028 407 0.991300 0.992216
8 11220 0.989276 0.00035867 1082 0.950600 0.948274
9 6722 0.993114 0.00024910 1453 0.842400 0.844084
10 4251 0.995541 0.00017525 1564 0.697100 0.697100
11 2708 0.997087 0.00012336 1426 0.540700 0.543212
12 1736 0.998079 0.00008700 1132 0.398100 0.407466
13 1164 0.998743 0.00006157 875 0.284900 0.284900
14 744 0.999168 0.00004309 615 0.197400 0.195818
15 485 0.999445 0.00003038 434 0.135900 0.133634
16 324 0.999630 0.00002150 302 0.092500 0.091099
17 213 0.999752 0.00001517 196 0.062300 0.062256
18 140 0.999832 0.00001075 136 0.042700 0.042736
19 87 0.999881 0.00000767 84 0.029100 0.029499
20 62 0.999917 0.00000566 61 0.020700 0.020485
21 49 0.999945 0.00000414 49 0.014600 0.014314
22 31 0.999962 0.00000289 31 0.009700 0.010064
23 16 0.999971 0.00000205 16 0.006600 0.007119
24 10 0.999977 0.00000161 10 0.005000 0.005065
25 11 0.999983 0.00000131 11 0.004000 0.003624
26 12 0.999990 0.00000098 12 0.002900 0.002607
27 3 0.999992 0.00000060 3 0.001700 0.001885
28 4 0.999994 0.00000050 4 0.001400 0.001370
29 7 0.999998 0.00000036 7 0.001000 0.001000
30 1 0.999999 0.00000011 1 0.000300 0.000733
31 2 1.000000 0.00000008 2 0.000200 0.000540
That is, thresholded random noise alone (no signal) would produce a cluster
of size 18 or larger about 4.27% (Alpha) of the time, in a 64x64x20 volume
with cubical 3 mm voxels and a FHWM noise smoothness of 5 mm, and an uncorrected
uncorrected (per voxel) p-value of 0.004 -- this combination of voxel-wise and
cluster-size thresholds would be a logical one to use for a functional map that
had these parameters.
If you run the exact command above, you will get slightly different results,
due to variations in the random numbers generated in the simulations.
To plot the approximation on top of the empirical alpha, if the above file
is stored as alp.1D, then the following command can be used:
1dplot -start 1 -one -ytran 'log(-log(1-a))' alp.1D'[5,6]'
These will plot the log(log) transformed Alpha(i) and the log(log)
transformed approximation together, so you can see how they fit,
especially for the large i and small Alpha cases. Another comparison
technique is to plot the ratio of Approx(i) to Alpha(i):
1deval -a alp.1D'[5]' -b alp.1D'[6]' -expr 'b/a' | 1dplot -start 1 -stdin
(Since Alpha(i) is always > 0 in the table, there is no division by zero.)
The analytic approximation formula above uses the function 'posval(x)',
which is defined to be 'max(x,0)' -- this is the correction for small i
(in this example, i < 12). The syntax is compatible with 1deval and 3dcalc.
The breakpoint for the small i/large Alpha correction is set to be at the
cluster size i where Alpha(i) is about 0.3 [in the sample above, 'posval(12-i)'].
For larger i/smaller Alpha, the approximation is of the simple form
Alpha(i) = 1-exp[-exp(a-b*i^p)]
where a, b, p are constants. For a pure extreme value distribution, p=1;
I've found that allowing p < 1 gives slightly better fits in some cases.
=========================================================================
* This binary version of AlphaSim is NOT compiled using OpenMP, a
semi-automatic parallelizer software toolkit, which splits the work
across multiple CPUs/cores on the same shared memory computer.
* However, the source code is modified for OpenMP, and can be compiled
with an OpenMP-capable compiler, such as gcc 4.2+, Intel's icc, and
Sun Studio.
* If you wish to compile this program with OpenMP, see the man page for
your C compiler, and (if needed) consult the AFNI message board, and
http://afni.nimh.nih.gov/pub/dist/doc/misc/OpenMP.html
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Sat May 11 16:35:46 EDT 2013