Hi, Sarah-

I believe that the yellow bits outside the brain are just a consequence of the programs using 'wsinc5' as the interpolating kernel when regridding the data (i.e., applying the warps). That kernel has plusses and minuses when compared to, say, a cubic spline: on the plus side, it preserves more contrast/sharpness within the volume; on the minus side, it will introduce tiny ringing, which will typically be seen just outside the brain (because the ringing is very small/unnoticeable when compared with the inner image). In general, for warping most non-integer-valued volumes, using this wsinc5 kernel is probably still the best way to go---in practice, that minimal ringing won't really affect any calculations. It will just look weird.

I wonder if you might be able to use afni_proc.py to do this calculation, so you don't have to manage the alignment pieces? I suspect that should still be possible and easier, at the end of the day.

And also, for most applications we recommend using full, nonlinear alignment between a subject anatomical and a template volume (@auto_tlrc is essentially just an affine alignment). That should give much better overall alignment, helping voxelwise group statistics as well as reference point creation or atlas registration for individual subjects.

--pt